Clinical trial Recruiting at 1 site Phase 1 Interventional Ages 21 to 65

Comparing different forms of nicotine in vaping

Official title: Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Synthetic Nicotine

Run by University of California, San Francisco · NCT05962229 · Data updated 2026-11-12

This study is testing how different types of nicotine in vaping affect experienced users' cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and enjoyment while also looking at how their bodies process these forms of nicotine.

Quick facts

PhasePhase 1
Study typeInterventional
Ages21 Years to 65 Years
SexAll
Enrollment18 (estimated)
SponsorUniversity of California, San Francisco
Academic / other
Locations1 site (San Francisco, California)
StatusRecruiting
StartedDecember 6, 2024
Main results expectedMay 2027
Study endsMay 2027
Registry record updatedMay 14, 2026
Trial IDNCT05962229 on ClinicalTrials.gov

Is this trial a fit for you?

Likely a good fit

Ideal candidates are healthy adults who are regular users of e-cigarettes for at least 15 days in the past month.

Probably not a fit

Patients who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or using certain medications that affect nicotine metabolism will not benefit from this study.

A plain-English reading of the study's rules. Only the study team can confirm whether you qualify.

What this trial studies

This study involves experienced electronic cigarette users who will vape three different forms of nicotine: natural, synthetic, and a 50:50 mixture of both. It aims to compare how these forms of nicotine are metabolized in the body, their cardiovascular effects, and how they influence users' cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and enjoyment. Participants will undergo a crossover design, allowing them to experience each form of nicotine in a controlled setting. The findings could provide insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine in vaping.

Why it matters

Potential benefit: If successful, this study could help inform better nicotine delivery methods and improve strategies for managing nicotine dependence.

How similar studies have gone: Other studies have explored nicotine pharmacokinetics, but this specific comparison of synthetic versus natural nicotine in vaping is relatively novel.

Who can join: the full rules

Show full inclusion / exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy on the basis of medical history and limited physical examination.
* Current regular user of E-Cigarettes (≥ 15 days in the past 30 days)

Exclusion Criteria:

* • Medications

  * Use of medications that are inducers of nicotine metabolizing enzyme CYP2A6 (Example: rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and other anticonvulsant drugs).
  * Use of sympatholytic medications for cardiovascular conditions including hypertension (Example: beta and alpha-blockers).
  * Concurrent use of nicotine-containing medications (Example: nicotine patch, lozenge, gum).
  * Any stimulant medications (example: Adderall) generally given for ADHD treatment.

    • Pregnancy
  * Pregnancy (self-reported and urine pregnancy test)
  * Breastfeeding (determined by self-report)
  * Women of childbearing potential must be using an acceptable method of contraception

    * Inability to read and write in English
    * A known propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin allergy
    * Uncomfortable with getting blood drawn

Where it's running

  • Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG)
    San Francisco, California, United States
    Recruiting

Study contacts

  • Principal investigator: Neal Benowitz, MD — University of California, San Francisco
  • Study coordinator: Lisa Lawrence
  • Email: lisa.lawrence@ucsf.edu
  • Phone: 628-206-4204

Similar studies

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How to take part

  1. Review the eligibility criteria above with your treating physician.
  2. Check the official listing on ClinicalTrials.gov for the latest contact details and recruitment status.
  3. Contact the study coordinator or principal investigator to ask for pre-screening. Pre-screening is free and never obligates you to enroll.
Last reviewed 2026-11-14 by the Find a Trial editorial team. Information on this page is for educational purposes and is not medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals about clinical trial participation.