Understanding pain avoidance in people with opioid use disorder

Patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)

To be eligible for inclusion in the study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Between ages 21-60 years old.
2. Able to read and write and provide written informed consent.
3. Meet DSM-5 criteria for moderate to severe opioid use disorder; self-reported excessive opioid use prior to study entry and verified by urine toxicology testing; seeking treatment for their OUD.
4. Physically healthy with no major medical illnesses, history of head injury or any neurological illness
5. No plans to relocate out of state in the next 12 months (for follow-up purposes).
6. Currently seeking treatment or currently receiving treatment for OUD.
7. Speak English
8. Have been enrolled in an inpatient or outpatient treatment program for OUD for at least 4 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, hepatic, thyroid pathology.
2. History of head injury with loss of consciousness (\> 30 minutes).
3. Current or past DSM-IV or DSM 5 diagnosis of a major psychiatric disorder (other than opioid and nicotine use disorders) that required hospitalization, or that required daily medications for over 4 weeks. Such medications include antidepressants, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, lithium, psychotropic drugs not otherwise specified including herbal products, drugs with psychomotor effects or with anxiolytics, stimulant, or antipsychotic properties, any other psychoactive drugs, and sedatives/hypnotics. Individuals with current depressive or anxiety symptoms requiring treatment or currently being treated for these symptoms will be excluded.
4. Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded. Individuals who previously worked in metal industry or with metal shavings (due to a risk of any remaining metal particles moving in the eye during the MRI).
5. Pregnant or lactating women will not be recruited for the study.
6. Cannot or are not willing to lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner (self-report).
7. Body weight \> 550 lbs. The MR scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 550 lbs.
8. No pPlans to relocate out of state in the next 12 months (for follow-up purposes).
9. Still experiencing significant withdrawal symptoms.

Individuals with regular opioid use

To be eligible for inclusion in the study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Between ages 21-60 years old.
2. Able to read and write and provide written informed consent.
3. Use non-prescribed opioids on a weekly basis or more.
4. Physically healthy with no major medical illnesses, history of head injury or any neurological illness
5. No plans to relocate out of state in the next 12 months (for follow-up purposes).
6. Speak English

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, hepatic, thyroid pathology.
2. History of head injury with loss of consciousness (\> 30 minutes).
3. Current or past DSM-IV or DSM 5 diagnosis of a major psychiatric disorder (other than opioid and nicotine use disorders) that required hospitalization, or that required daily medications for over 4 weeks. Such medications include antidepressants, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, lithium, psychotropic drugs not otherwise specified including herbal products, drugs with psychomotor effects or with anxiolytics, stimulant, or antipsychotic properties, any other psychoactive drugs, and sedatives/hypnotics. Individuals with current depressive or anxiety symptoms requiring treatment or currently being treated for these symptoms will be excluded.
4. Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded.
5. Pregnant or lactating women will not be recruited for the study.
6. Cannot or are not willing to lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner (self-report).
7. Body weight \> 550 lbs. The MR scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 550 lbs.

Individuals with regular opioid use

To be eligible for inclusion in the study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Between ages 21-60 years old.
2. Able to read and write and provide written informed consent.
3. Use non-prescribed opioids on a weekly basis or more.
4. Physically healthy with no major medical illnesses, history of head injury or any neurological illness
5. No plans to relocate out of state in the next 12 months (for follow-up purposes).
6. Speak English

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, hepatic, thyroid pathology.
2. History of head injury with loss of consciousness (\> 30 minutes).
3. Current or past DSM-IV or DSM 5 diagnosis of a major psychiatric disorder (other than opioid and nicotine use disorders) that required hospitalization, or that required daily medications for over 4 weeks. Such medications include antidepressants, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, lithium, psychotropic drugs not otherwise specified including herbal products, drugs with psychomotor effects or with anxiolytics, stimulant, or antipsychotic properties, any other psychoactive drugs, and sedatives/hypnotics. Individuals with current depressive or anxiety symptoms requiring treatment or currently being treated for these symptoms will be excluded.
4. Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded.
5. Pregnant or lactating women will not be recruited for the study.
6. Cannot or are not willing to lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner (self-report).
7. Body weight \> 550 lbs. The MR scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 550 lbs.

Individuals with regular opioid use

To be eligible for inclusion in the study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Between ages 21-60 years old.
2. Able to read and write and provide written informed consent.
3. Use non-prescribed opioids on a weekly basis or more.
4. Physically healthy with no major medical illnesses, history of head injury or any neurological illness
5. No plans to relocate out of state in the next 12 months (for follow-up purposes).
6. Speak English

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, hepatic, thyroid pathology.
2. History of head injury with loss of consciousness (\> 30 minutes).
3. Current or past DSM-IV or DSM 5 diagnosis of a major psychiatric disorder (other than opioid and nicotine use disorders) that required hospitalization, or that required daily medications for over 4 weeks. Such medications include antidepressants, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, lithium, psychotropic drugs not otherwise specified including herbal products, drugs with psychomotor effects or with anxiolytics, stimulant, or antipsychotic properties, any other psychoactive drugs, and sedatives/hypnotics. Individuals with current depressive or anxiety symptoms requiring treatment or currently being treated for these symptoms will be excluded.
4. Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded.
5. Pregnant or lactating women will not be recruited for the study.
6. Cannot or are not willing to lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner (self-report).
7. Body weight \> 550 lbs. The MR scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 550 lbs.

Healthy controls (HC) Inclusion Criteria

1. Between ages 1821-60 years old.
2. Able to read and write and provide written informed consent.
3. Demographics matching OUD participants.
4. Speak English

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Meet criteria for current or history of any Axis I (except nicotine use) disorder.
2. Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, hepatic, thyroid pathology. History of head injury with loss of consciousness (\> 30 minutes).

4\. Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded.

5\. Pregnant or lactating women will not be recruited for the study. 6. Cannot or are not willing to lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner (self-report).

7\. Body weight \> 550 lbs. The MR scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 550 lbs.