Understanding how drugs work in children
Official title: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs
Run by Duke University · NCT04278404 · Data updated 2026-11-12
This study is trying to find the best and safest doses of certain medications for children and young adults under 21 who are being treated for conditions like COVID-19 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Quick facts
| Study type | Observational |
|---|---|
| Ages | 0 Years to 20 Years |
| Sex | All |
| Enrollment | 5000 (estimated) |
| Sponsor | Duke University Academic / other |
| Locations | 52 sites (Phoenix, Arizona and 51 other locations) |
| Status | Recruiting |
| Started | March 5, 2020 |
| Main results expected | November 2026 |
| Study ends | December 2026 |
| Registry record updated | August 21, 2026 |
| Trial ID | NCT04278404 on ClinicalTrials.gov |
Is this trial a fit for you?
✓Likely a good fit
Ideal candidates for this study are children under 21 years old who are receiving specific drugs or have had a recent COVID-19 infection.
✕Probably not a fit
Patients who are pregnant or have had recent organ transplants may not benefit from this study.
A plain-English reading of the study's rules. Only the study team can confirm whether you qualify.
What this trial studies
This observational study aims to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of understudied drugs administered to children under standard care. By collecting bodily fluid samples from participants, the study seeks to determine the most effective and safe dosages for various conditions, including COVID-19 and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The research focuses on children and young adults under 21 years of age who are either currently receiving these drugs or have recently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The findings could help optimize treatment protocols for pediatric patients.
Why it matters
Potential benefit: If successful, this study could lead to safer and more effective drug dosing for children.
How similar studies have gone: Other studies have shown promise in understanding drug effects in pediatric populations, but this specific approach is relatively novel.
Who can join: the full rules
Show full inclusion / exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria: 1. Participant is \< 21 years of age 2. Parent/ Legal Guardian/ Adult Participant can understand the consent process and is willing to provide informed consent/HIPAA: 3. (a) Participant is receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment or (b) Participant is NOT receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest but is SARS-COV-2 positive within 60 days prior to enrollment Exclusion Criteria: 1. Participant has a known pregnancy Below exclusion criteria apply only to: Participants receiving one or more of the study drugs of interest at the time of enrollment, DOI administration or PK sampling: (Refer to DOI specific appendices for details on enrollment cohort specifications and additional eligibility criteria) 2. Has had intermittent dialysis within previous 24 hours 3. Has had a kidney transplant within previous 30 days 4. Has had a liver transplant within previous 1 year 5. Has had a stem cell transplant within previous 1 year 6. Has had therapeutic hypothermia within previous 24 hours 7. Has had plasmapheresis within the previous 24 hours 8. Has a Ventricular Assist Device 9. Has any condition which would make the participant, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study
Where it's running
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Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Palo Alto, California, United States Recruiting -
Duke University Health System
Durham, North Carolina, United States Recruiting -
Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Recruiting -
Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas
Austin, Texas, United States Recruiting -
CHU Sainte-Justine
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Recruiting -
Phoenix Children's Hospital
Phoenix, Arizona, United States Completed
Show 44 more locations
-
Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute
Little Rock, Arkansas, United States Completed -
University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center
Los Angeles, California, United States Completed -
Colorado University Denver
Aurora, Colorado, United States Completed -
The Children's Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado, United States Completed -
Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware, United States Completed -
University of Florida Jacksonville Shands Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida, United States Completed -
Kapiolani Womens and Childrens Medical Center
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Completed -
Ann and Robert H. Lurie Childrens Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, United States Completed -
Ann and Robert H. Lurie Childrens Hospital of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, United States Completed -
Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Completed -
University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital
Iowa City, Iowa, United States Completed -
University of Kansas Medical Center-JG Kidney Institute
Kansas City, Kansas, United States Completed -
University of Louisville Norton Childrens Hospital
Louisville, Kentucky, United States Completed -
Tulane University Health Science Center
New Orleans, Louisiana, United States Completed -
Ochsner Baptist Clinical Trials Unit
New Orleans, Louisiana, United States Completed -
University of Maryland Medical Center
Baltimore, Maryland, United States Completed -
Boston Children's Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, United States Completed -
Massachusetts General Hospital
Lexington, Massachusetts, United States Completed -
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States Completed -
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi, United States Completed -
Mississippi Center for Advanced Medicine
Madison, Mississippi, United States Completed -
Children's Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri, United States Completed -
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska, United States Completed -
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States Completed -
University of New Mexico Health Science Center
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States Completed -
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States Completed -
Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Completed -
Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States Completed -
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon, United States Completed -
Pennsylvania State University--Hershey Children's Hospital
Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States Completed -
Rhode Island Hospital
Providence, Rhode Island, United States Completed -
Medical University of South Carolina Children's Hospital
Charleston, South Carolina, United States Completed -
University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina, United States Completed -
Avera McKennan Hospital & University Medical Center
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States Completed -
Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt
Nashville, Tennessee, United States Completed -
University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas, United States Completed -
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas, United States Completed -
University of Texas--Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center
Houston, Texas, United States Completed -
The Womens Hospital of Texas
Houston, Texas, United States Completed -
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States Completed -
Seattle Children's Hospital
Seattle, Washington, United States Completed -
West Virginia University Hospital
Morgantown, West Virginia, United States Completed -
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, United States Completed -
University Wisconsin Madison
Madison, Wisconsin, United States Completed
+2 more sites. See ClinicalTrials.gov for the full list.
Study contacts
- Principal investigator: Chi Hornik — Duke Clinical Research Institute
- Study coordinator: Chi Hornik
- Email: chi.hornik@duke.edu
- Phone: (919) 260-7626
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How to take part
- Review the eligibility criteria above with your treating physician.
- Check the official listing on ClinicalTrials.gov for the latest contact details and recruitment status.
- Contact the study coordinator or principal investigator to ask for pre-screening. Pre-screening is free and never obligates you to enroll.