How different foods change blood sugar after a meal.

Quantifying Differential Individual Responses to OGTT, Starchy Foods, and Mitigators and Its Association With Metabolic Subphenotypes

This project will test whether adding things like fiber, vinegar, amino acids, protein, or exercise to a standard meal changes post-meal blood sugar in people with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and healthy adults.

Quick facts

• Phase: NA
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 100 (estimated)
• Ages: 18 Years to 80 Years
• Sex: All
• Sponsor: Stanford University (other)
• Locations: 1 site (Stanford, California)
• Trial ID: NCT06989164 on ClinicalTrials.gov

What this trial studies

Participants will wear a continuous glucose monitor and eat pre-measured cooked rice on separate test days while investigators add potential mitigators (fiber, acid/vinegar, an amino acid such as leucine, whole protein, or exercise) to each meal. Some visits will include finger‑stick blood microsamples and saliva collected before and after the test meal, and a baseline stool sample will be collected once. Each condition is tested on a different day with standardized instructions to compare individual postprandial glucose responses. The goal is to identify patterns of metabolism that predict which simple dietary or behavioral changes best blunt glucose spikes for different people.

Who should consider this trial

Good fit: Adults with BMI between 19 and 45 kg/m2, HbA1c ≤7.0% who are not taking antihyperglycemic medications and who can come to Stanford for on-site metabolic testing (including people with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, or healthy controls).

Not a fit: People with recent cardiovascular events, active cancer, kidney or liver disease, pregnancy or lactation, chronic inflammatory disease, eating disorders, prior bariatric surgery, current use of diabetes or weight-loss medications, heavy alcohol use, or who cannot travel to Stanford are unlikely to benefit from participation.

Why it matters

Potential benefit: If successful, this work could enable personalized food or behavior recommendations to reduce post-meal blood sugar spikes for individuals.

How similar studies have performed: Previous research has shown large individual differences in post-meal glucose responses and that interventions like fiber, protein, or vinegar can blunt spikes, but this study applies multiple mitigators in a standardized protocol to better characterize which approaches work for which people.

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

* BMI (body mass index) \>19 kg/m2 but \< 45 kg/m2
* HbA1c \< or equal to 7.0% while not on antihyperglycemic medications
* Be willing to provide written informed consent for all study procedures.
* Able to commute to Stanford campus for on-site visits

Exclusion Criteria:

* recent (\<6mos) CVD (cardiovascular disease) event
* active malignancy
* kidney/liver disease
* pregnancy/lactation
* chronic inflammatory disease
* eating disorder
* bariatric surgery
* history of acute pancreatitis
* current use of antihyperglycemic, diabetogenic, or weight loss medications
* heavy alcohol use
* physical activity \>2 hours/day
* inability to come to Stanford CTRU (Clinical and Translational Research Unit) for metabolic testing

Where this trial is running

Stanford, California

• Stanford University — Stanford, California, United States (RECRUITING)

Conditions: PreDiabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Healthy