AST-3424 versus regorafenib for AKR1C3-high advanced liver cancer

Phase IIb, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AST-3424 in Patients With AKR1C3-High Expressing Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Progressed After Systemic Therapy With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

This trial tests whether AST-3424 can help people with AKR1C3-high advanced liver cancer who progressed after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, compared with regorafenib.

Quick facts

• Phase: Phase 2
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 75 (estimated)
• Ages: 18 Years to 75 Years
• Sex: All
• Sponsor: Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Industry-sponsored)
• Drugs / interventions: chemotherapy, immunotherapy
• Locations: 1 site (Nanjing, Jiangsu)
• Trial ID: NCT07310173 on ClinicalTrials.gov

What this trial studies

This Phase IIb interventional study enrolls patients with pathologically confirmed advanced hepatocellular carcinoma whose tumors show high AKR1C3 expression and who progressed after immune checkpoint inhibitor–containing regimens. Participants are assigned to receive either AST-3424 infusions on Day 1 and Day 8 of each 21-day cycle or oral regorafenib taken daily on Days 1–21 of each 28-day cycle. The trial’s main question is whether AST-3424 prolongs survival compared with regorafenib in this biomarker-selected population. Tumor response will be measured by RECIST v1.1 and outcomes will include survival and safety in patients with preserved liver function.

Who should consider this trial

Good fit: Adults with advanced HCC confirmed by pathology, tumors demonstrating high AKR1C3 by IHC, BCLC stage B or C, Child-Pugh A or B (score ≤7) without hepatic encephalopathy, ECOG 0–1, at least one measurable extracranial lesion, prior progression after ICI-containing systemic therapy, and expected survival ≥3 months.

Not a fit: Patients whose tumors do not show high AKR1C3 expression, those with poorer liver function (Child-Pugh >7) or ECOG >1, or those unable to receive IV infusions or oral regorafenib may not benefit from this trial.

Why it matters

Potential benefit: If successful, AST-3424 could offer longer survival than current options for patients with AKR1C3-high advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after immune checkpoint inhibitor failure.

How similar studies have performed: Targeting AKR1C3 is a relatively novel approach with limited prior clinical data in HCC, whereas regorafenib is an established second-line option in this setting.

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with pathologically confirmed advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
2. Documented disease progression confirmed by medical imaging after failure of prior systemic therapy regimens containing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
3. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or C; ineligible for or refusing surgical resection or locoregional liver therapies (including transarterial intervention and ablation).
4. Child-Pugh class A or B liver function (score ≤ 7), with no history of hepatic encephalopathy.
5. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 or 1.
6. At least one measurable extracranial lesion according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1.
7. Expected survival ≥ 3 months.
8. Availability of pathological tissue blocks or sections (including archived samples) for AKR1C3 expression and related biomarker analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) results must confirm high expression of AKR1C3.
9. Adequate organ function.
10. For subjects positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb):

    HBV DNA level must be \< 2000 IU/mL or 10⁴ copies/mL Subjects must be receiving anti-HBV therapy . This therapy must be maintained throughout the study period and for 6 months after the last dose of study drug.

    For subjects positive for HCV antibody, HCV-RNA level must be below the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of the study center.
11. Female subjects of childbearing potential must be non-lactating and have a negative pregnancy test result within 7 days prior to treatment initiation. A positive urine pregnancy test result must be confirmed by a serum pregnancy test.
12. Female and male subjects of childbearing potential must agree to use effective contraceptive measures from the time of study enrollment until 6 months after the last dose of study drug.
13. Subjects must voluntarily participate in the study, provide written informed consent after a full understanding of the study details, and have good compliance to cooperate with study treatment, observation, and follow-up procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, dual-phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, or carcinosarcoma.
2. Untreated active central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Subjects with CNS metastases who have received adequate treatment, achieved stable disease for at least 4 weeks confirmed by clinical examination and brain MRI during screening, require no steroid or anticonvulsant therapy, and present no clinical symptoms may be enrolled in the study.
3. A history of other malignant tumors within 2 years, except for adequately treated basal cell carcinoma of the skin, carcinoma in situ of the lung, breast, or other sites, or other tumors whose related treatments will not interfere with the safety or efficacy evaluation of the study drug.
4. A history of severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
5. Has received anti-tumor therapies including locoregional radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy within 4 weeks or 5 half-lives (whichever is shorter) prior to the first dose; for treatment with nitrosourea or mitomycin C, a 6-week washout period is required; for oral fluoropyrimidine drugs or small-molecule targeted therapy drugs, only a 2-week washout period is needed.
6. Has received major surgery other than diagnostic procedures or locoregional therapy targeting liver lesions within 4 weeks prior to the first dose.
7. Has received investigational drugs in other clinical trials within 4 weeks prior to the first dose.
8. All toxicities from prior anti-cancer therapies must have resolved to ≤ grade 1 at the start of study drug administration.
9. Moderate to large symptomatic pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or ascites requiring thoracentesis/paracentesis or with a history of thoracentesis/paracentesis within 2 weeks prior to the start of study treatment. .
10. Need for concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers during the study period.
11. Any severe acute or chronic infections requiring systemic antibiotic or antiviral therapy at screening.
12. Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or positive syphilis test result.
13. Pregnant, lactating, or women planning to become pregnant.
14. Concomitant diseases that may interfere with the conduct of the study, or physical abnormalities that the investigator deems pose an excessive risk to the subject, including but not limited to a history of significant gastrointestinal bleeding within 3 months prior to enrollment or a high risk of bleeding, active peptic ulcer, uncontrolled mental illness, or mental disorders that may interfere with the subject's understanding of the informed consent form or cooperation with treatment.
15. A history of hypersensitivity to ethanol or propylene glycol.
16. Other reasons judged by the investigator that make the subject unsuitable for participation in this clinical study.

Where this trial is running

Nanjing, Jiangsu

• Nanjing Tianyinshan Hospital — Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Recruiting)

Study contacts

• Study coordinator: Wei Qu

Conditions HCC - Hepatocellular Carcinoma