How cooling additives and synthetic nicotine affect e-cigarette taste and cravings

Examining Appeal and Addiction Potential of Novel e-Cigarette Constituents

NIH-funded research Yale University · NIH-11159816

This project tests whether a synthetic cooling agent (WS-3) and lab-made nicotine change how adult e-cigarette users experience flavor, irritation, and craving.

Quick facts

Grant typeNIH-funded research
Study typeNIH-funded research
Funding institutionYale University NIH-funded
Lab location1 site (New Haven, United States)
Project IDNIH-11159816 on NIH RePORTER

What this research studies

You would use e-cigarettes under controlled conditions while researchers change levels of a synthetic cooling chemical (WS-3) and menthol and compare lab-made versus tobacco-derived nicotine. After pilot work to find safe concentrations, adult e-cig users (about half who also smoke combustible cigarettes) will be exposed to nine different WS-3/menthol combinations in nicotine-containing e-liquids. Researchers will collect your ratings of flavor, throat irritation, and craving, and measure indicators related to addiction potential. The goal is to understand which ingredients make e-cigs more appealing or likely to promote continued use.

Who could benefit from this research

Good fit: Ideal candidates are adults aged 21 or older who currently use e-cigarettes, including some who also use combustible tobacco.

Not a fit: People under 21, non-users of e-cigarettes, or those unwilling to take part in controlled e-cig exposures would not be eligible or likely to benefit directly.

Why it matters

Potential benefit: If successful, the findings could help regulators, clinicians, and consumers know which e-cig ingredients increase appeal or addiction risk and support safer product rules.

How similar studies have performed: Prior human studies show menthol and nicotine affect appeal and craving, but direct comparisons involving the synthetic coolant WS-3 and synthetic nicotine are new and largely untested.

Where this research is happening

New Haven, United States

Researchers

About this research

  1. This is an active NIH-funded research project — typically early-stage science, not a clinical trial accepting patient enrollment.
  2. Some NIH-funded labs run parallel clinical studies or seek volunteers for related work. To check, contact the principal investigator or institution listed above.
  3. For full project details, budget, and progress reports, visit the official NIH RePORTER page below.
Last reviewed 2026-06-13 by the Find a Trial editorial team. Information on this page is for educational purposes and is not medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals about clinical trial participation.